Black Holes Essays (757 words) - Black Holes, Event Horizon

Black Holes Within our galaxy alone, there are millions upon millions of stars. Within our universe, there are millions upon millions of galaxies. Humans have known the existence of stars since they have had eyes. Although interpretations may have differed on what they were, they were always thought of as white glowing specks in the sky, but the mystery does not lie within what we can see, but what we can not see. There are billions of stars lighting the darkness of our universe, but the question lies in what happens when one of these enormous lamps burns out. Upon many speculations, one of the most fascinating is the black hole theory. Not any star can become a Black Hole. For instance, the possibility of our sun becoming a black hole is highly unlikely, simply because it is too small. Only a very large star has the potential to become a black hole. The definitions of black boles are somewhat skeptical. Generally, a black hole is an area of super-concentrated mass. So concentrated, that no object can escape its gravitational pull. In other words, once you get caught by it's gravitational pull, you aren't getting out again. The velocity you need to break away from a gravitational pull is called the escape velocity. Roughly, earth's escape velocity is about 25,000 M.P.H. (11.2 kilometers/second). Earth's mass is nothing compared to the mass of a star that has the potential to become a black hole. A black hole has so much mass in such a small area, that its escape velocity is greater than the speed of light. So if were all living on earth, and earth was a black hole, we would need to go at the speed of light in order to get to the moon. Even though a black hole's gravitational pull is enormous, it does have its boundary. This boundary is called the event horizon. This event horizon is the point where the black hole's gravitational pull begins. Once you cross the event horizon, there is no turning back. As stated before, the escape velocity of a black hole exceeds the speed of light, and since going faster than the speed of light is impossible, so is escaping a black hole's gravitational pull. Inside the event horizon is where the major speculation begins. Just what happens once you cross the event horizon? Well, once you cross the event horizon, you'll be spinning around the center at the speed of light. As you get closer to the center, or what scientists call the singularity, the theory of the spaghetti effect comes into play. That is, the gravitational pull of the center of the black hole is greater at your feet than your head, thus pulling stronger at your feet, and stretching you out to a point of infinite thinness. This same force is what causes the tides in our ocean, hence the name tidal forces. The time in which it takes you to witness this effect depends on the size of the black hole. A smaller black hole means that its singularity is not far away, thus killing you quicker. If you could somehow get into a horizon safely and look around, images around you would be distorted. And since light can go into a black hole, you can see outside images fine. But light won't be able to bounce of you and back, so no one would be able to see you. Although living long enough to reach the singularity is just about impossible, if you could reach it; no one knows what would happen. Basically, you would be in a place where time does not exist and all of Einstein's laws will fail. Evidence that black holes are real does exist. Even though you cannot see a black hole, as light cannot escape it, you can measure how much mass there is in an area. And if you have a large quantity of mass in a small area, there is a good chance it is a black hole. Black holes do not live forever, and as stars, they die. Speculation on their deaths is extremely speculative. The theory of black hole evaporation seems to be a popular theory on how black holes die. Black holes

Useful Guide To a Composition Essay Writing

Useful Guide To a Composition Essay Writing Before explaining how to write a composition, it is worth to be aware of its simple difference from an essay. The idea of the latter is concentrated on a particular thing or character, while composition’s themes go far beyond the frames that define the essay and even could have an abstract subject. Nevertheless, there are also some recommendations on how to write a well-structured and easy-read composition. The process of writing an essay can be represented as a chain or a sequence of individual elements, stages, and operations. The student may divide the whole process for a few phases – preparation, composing and structuring, finishing. That’s what this composition essay writing guide is all about. Preparation Defining the format of the composition is essential at the very beginning. The most popular forms include: ‘For and against’ is a composition essay, in which the main part represents an equal number of â€Å"against† and â€Å"for† arguments supported by the evidence or examples. A parity of ideas on both sides is vital for creating a balanced position, and the student’s opinion is expressed only in the results part. ‘Personal Opinion’ is a type of composition essay where the author expresses his/her position on a given topic, and the central part contains the justification of such an opinion and examples. ‘Problems and Solutions’. In this type of composition essay the author describes the vision of a particular problem, how to solve it, and its consequences. After the format is defined, there go the brainstorm and selection processes. Brainstorming is everything that comes to mind on the subject is recorded. At this stage, it is crucial to develop the mindset and generate a sufficient number of ideas. Some ideas are selected from the previous notes made by the method of annotation. The focus is set on those ideas that are directly related to the topic. For example, in case of â€Å"for and against,† the concepts could be conveniently written in two columns, where the student simultaneously records the evidence (or arguments) and keeps the ideas â€Å"for† equal to the number of â€Å"against.† Annotating, especially during reading, is a strategic intellectual skill, rather than an uncomplicated mechanical presentation of the author’s thought or position. While doing the annotating, the student selects the relevant material and develops his/her understanding of the theoretical views and empirical data, in other words facts of the kind that either confirm or refute the idea. When reading texts, the student makes notes and compares one narrative piece to another, remarks the points that will be useful in subsequent work or represent some exciting and meaningful data from theoretical or empirical approaches. Composing and Structuring Before starting to write the essay, it is worth to write some outline of the draft structure and then â€Å"switch† to the writing of the first draft that might be further revised by the student or professor initiative. Outline is the creation of a plan for a future essay: the student selects ideas that will be used in the introduction, the primary part, and the results. There are about three paragraphs in the primary section, where each theory or idea is considered in the first or second sentence, and the rest of the sentences are devoted to evidence or arguments. A rough draft is writing an essay according to the plan, not forgetting about advanced grammatical constructions, sophisticated vocabulary, formal style, and word-links. Finishing Verification and final version comes when student carefully scrutinizes the written essay regarding the presence of errors and makes the corrections; he/she verifies whether all thoughts are logically linked to each other and form the necessary reader response. The Key to Write Composition Essay Writing the composition essay takes place in a short time frame, so students often choose to skip one of the stages to win time. For example, they start writing right away, hoping that the relevant ideas will appear themselves in the process of writing, or do not check the essay for errors. Naturally, illogical and inconsistent text with a large number of elementary level errors cannot get a high grade of the examiner. Nevertheless, keeping an eye on time is just as necessary in order not to leave the argument unfinished. Hence, the key to writing the right composition essay includes: the clear understanding of the requirements of the examination task; the observance of the structure of the composition and the passage of all stages of its writing; explicit time management. Choose an Interesting Topic and the Questions When choosing a topic, the student first must make sure that he/she has correctly shaped and understood it. Since the matter can be interpreted differently, there are several approaches to its coverage. Therefore, the student needs to choose one version of an interpretation or strategy to be able to substantiate his/her vision of the problem. The content of the topic can cover a wide range of issues and require the involvement of a large volume of literature. In this case, the student has the opportunity to formulate a hypothesis according to which only some aspects of this problematic issue will be illustrated in the composition (namely, it’s primary part). A student gets rid of unnecessary difficulties if he/she does not go beyond the specified range of issues. The choice and the vision of the student should be argued with appropriate evidence. Next, it is necessary to make a plan and structure based on the decision of the student about the hypothesis of work. When writing the composition, the student must remember: the number of opinions is the same as the number of people. Therefore, the author should be as objective as possible, keeping his/her position well-supported by arguments and illustrated by examples. Only then the thesis statement will avoid criticism. Besides, it might be difficult to find an illustration of literature for the separate topics; therefore, some examples from real life will be more fitting. Here are some composition essay questions and examples of illustrations: In what epoch from the past you would like to live? (Example: romantic melodrama ‘Midnight in Paris’ directed by Woody Allen, the main character is Gil Pender). Is the value of a photo has faded away with the advent of digital cameras that have allowed to make an unlimited number of photos? Should tobacco products be forbidden to sell worldwide? (Example: Bhutan became the first country to ban tobacco in 2010. â€Å"Tactical arguments†: the economies of most countries are receiving substantial excise taxes; a vast number of people smoke; thousands of farmers and industrial workers hired by tobacco companies will lose their jobs in the event of a ban. The arguments â€Å"against†: tobacco accelerates aging, primarily the skin of hands and face; it promotes faster appearance of wrinkles and jaundice; the owners of monopoly companies earn crazy money from the sale of tobacco; the smokers provoke the most of fire cases in the United States; about a thousand citizens die annually as a result of fires from the cigarette butts; tobacco causes the cancer of the lungs, mouth, throat, and the increase in blood pressure which ultimately leads to diabetes, heart attack, or infarction). Is there a friendship between a boy and a girl? What is the effect of gadgets on your learning during the lesson? (Example: Microsoft’s founder and owner Bill Gates forbade their children from using phones until they reached the age of fourteen). Do people who have committed brutal crimes deserve the death penalty? (Example: One of the most famous serial killers of the Soviet Union, Andrei Chikatilo, was executed in 1994. The sentence was read to him for almost an entire day; he was found guilty of more than sixty-five murders in which most of the victims are children. However, before he was arrested, two innocent people were executed as suspects sentenced for the crime that not they but Chikatilo committed). Is it necessary to adhere Grammar rules in spelling and punctuation in an Internet message or SMS? (Example: Read who is referred as â€Å"Grammar Nazi†). Classic Structuring and Logics There is also some logic to adhere to get perfect results: Statement (clear position). The thesis is the student’s direct answer to the topic question (if not, he/she must formulate the question by himself/herself). When formatting the thesis, it is worth to use the keywords given in the topic. Proof (convincing explanation in the arguments). The student gives at least two compelling indications that defend the thesis. Remember: the examples should correspond to the number of arguments. Explanation (illustration of evidence in the examples). The student provides information from a reliable source in the illustration. Each instance proves a separate argument. It is worth to remember that in the example the student must clearly explain how it illustrates the argument and, hence, the thesis. What Makes Examples Essential? Examples in work are needed to illustrate the thoughts, to show that the reasoning is justified, that something similar has already been said about the matter (for example, about a work of art) or it has already been happening with someone in real life. In the examples, the student has the opportunity to explain in more detail what is meant by the arguments and, finally, the thesis. A good argument is always based on an example. Illustrative examples give weight to the arguments, make them â€Å"stronger,† and protect against criticism of opponents. There must be at least two types of examples in the product: An example of fiction or other arts (cinematic, fine art, theatrical, and musical). An example is a historical fact or a case of socio-political or personal life. Examples, like arguments, must be convincing; the facts presented in them interesting, objective, fully illuminated, authentic, and unambiguous. Some Tips for Picking the Ideal Examples for Composition Essay Writing With the insertion of arguments into the text, the examples should acquire a specific linguistic design. Therefore, first of all, the student has to indicate that now there will follow an example/ sample/illustration of the problem that he/she have been talking about in the argument. An example is always a fact taken from a reliable source. Frequently, when the composition essay is related to the art subjects, the examples are particularly necessary for visualizing the thought. Therefore, it is important to note all the data about this composition and not to make mistakes. Next is the scheme how to pick and substantiate the illustrative examples in composition: The motivation of example (1 sentence, might be included in the previous one). This element of the example is the most important. It depends on how many points the student insert in his/her work. To motivate the example means to explain how it illustrates an argument. It can be done in the first introductory sentence or the next paragraphs. Explanation of the image / problems (3-4 sentences). In the following sentences, it is worth to reveal an artistic image that illustrates the argument. The student explains in detail how the hero chosen by him/her represents a model of the problem raised in the argument. There is no need to tell the full story of the book. Citation (1 sentence). If there is no such element in the example, no points will be removed. But still, if the student remembers the relevant (!) quote from the analyzed work, it is worth it to indicate it. Mini-conclusion (1 sentence). Successful completion of the example is a sentence in which the student will once again return to the illustrated argument and summarize the issue. It does not interfere with the logical transition to the next paragraph of the composition. For instance: Topic: Every society has its music, painting, and literature. The different types of art exist since the very human creation. It is characterized by a rich history. Besides, what is the most important art for the society and the individual? Thesis: I am fully convinced that art is an important factor in the positive development of both an individual and a society as a whole. Bonus Information from Our Expert Writers: How to train yourself in writing the composition? To remember the structure of the composition well, it is necessary to practice the writing of its parts. It is worth considering the plan/outline before writing any composition essay. The student should not be afraid of this word: it does not look like the typical plan for a summary. It will turn into a short composition with approximately seven sentences that thoroughly cover the author’s position. Such mini-composition essays are recommended to write daily (trying to fit in five minutes) to refine the logic of the statement. Composition essay example: minimal guidance Mini-text with Displayed Problem. Quite often people can hear the idea that it is worth talking â€Å"in his/her language† with a rough and unskilled person because he/she does not understand the other approach. At the same time, many believe that when we start â€Å"playing† with such people in relationships by their rules, we will not be different from them anymore. Questions for The Theme. How to deal with disobedience and dishonesty of another person? Requirements for Writing. Formulate the thesis, present two or three convincing arguments that will confirm the opinion. Illustrate the thoughts with references to examples of fiction or other types of art (indicate the author and the title of the work; note the problem raised by the artist and the artistic image through which problem is solved; quote from the literary piece), historical facts or occasions. Do not retell the content of the artwork and do not give a full description of the images. Formulate the conclusions. We do hope that these composition essay writing tips are of use to you!

Human Resources Management in New Zealand Assignment

Human Resources Management in New Zealand - Assignment Example (Muldrow, 1987). One person acts as the leader and all the members ask at least one question. There are several advantages and disadvantages associated with this type of interview. Out of the advantages a few are that it avoids making instant judgments as the decision is not just dependant on a single person, lesser personal interaction so it makes the decision more objective oriented, more consistent and accurate assessment etc. On the other hand the disadvantages include that it can be sometimes more time taking as it is difficult to get the panel together and different approaches and views can give birth to conflicts amongst the members. A formal interview where the questions are generally made in advance and the answers of the candidates are evaluated on specific scoring systems is known as the structured interviews. A lesser formal format and the question and answer session on the spot is what you call the unstructured interview (Terpstra & Kethley, 1999). There are a few advant ages and disadvantages associated with both types of interviews. A main benefit from a structured interview is that it provides a consistent tool for assessment and it promotes fairness. On the other hand the unstructured interview allows a personal interaction that is more than the structured interview so a better rapport can be built with the hiring managers. The basic drawback of the structured interview is that it restricts the assessment criteria for the interviewer and does not allow the candidate to give an interview openly as the questions are very specific. The tests that are based upon best future behavior predictor under alike situations is known as the work sample test (Cascio & Aguinis, 2005). The examinee needs to perform the tasks that are same as the ones performed on the job. There are several advantages and disadvantages linked to this test. These tests are highly reliable, have a lesser adverse impact, more favorable for the personality test whereas on the other h and these tests are costly, lesser ability to predict on the job performance, lesser capable of measuring the aptitude of the applicants etc. Provide an in depth discussion of the Human Rights Act, Privacy Act, and other relevant New Zealand Acts that relate to ‘good practices’ in employee selection at TQB. According to the Human Right Act of New Zealand the things that relate to the good practices regarding the employee selection at TQB are discussed ahead. The employer is allowed to assess the potential workers on the basis of their qualification and taking a decision, whether they will be best fit for the company or not. The employer also has the authority to monitor the work performance and see whether they pay for the work is worth it or not. The employer has the legal obligation of ensuring that the worker has a safe and healthy working environment, the issues of taking drugs etc are also related to the work performance so the employer is also entitled to take the decision that is most favorable for the company, the employer is also allowed ensuring that no worker acts dishonestly in relations to the company and other fellow workers. According to the Privacy Act of New Zealand there are several limitations on the personal information’s collection. According to this act the applicants for a position are

A vegetarian diet is healthier. Discuss this statement using evidence Essay

A vegetarian diet is healthier. Discuss this statement using evidence from epidemiological studies - Essay Example The benefits of wholesome vegetarian diet over diets containing meat and other foods of animal origin are due to lower intakes of saturated fat, cholesterol and animal protein, higher intakes of complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamin C and E, carotenoids and other phytochemicals (Leitzmann 2005). Diabetes prevalence is relatively low among individuals following plant-based and vegetarian diet. This is because these diets are low in fat and high in fiber and thus cause associated reductions in dietary energy density and energy intake (Howarth 2001). Barnard et al (2006) investigated the effects of low-fat vegan diet on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes and found that such a diet had significant clinical improvements in the glycosylated hemoglobin levels, weight, body-mass index, waist circumference, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. However, in this study, the participants also followed strict exercise regime, making it difficult to attribute the results to diet alone. Another study by Barnard et al (2005) investigated the effects of vegetarian diet on similar aspects but without including exercise regime. The researchers concluded that this diet was associated with significant weight loss and improved glycemic and lipid control in type 2 diabetic patients. A low fat vegetarian diet delays glucose absorption, reduces fasting serum glucose levels of as much as 6–27%, lowers insulin requirements by as much as 40%, increases peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity, improves serum lipid profile by 10-32%, aids in weight control and lowers blood pressure (Segasothy and Phyllips 1999). Elevated total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol are risk factors for coronary artery disease. Since vegetarian diet keeps these lipids under control, it can be said that this diet helps reducing the risk for coronary artery disease. La vecchia et al (1998) did a household multipurpose study in

Raw Milk US National Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Raw Milk US National Marketing Strategy - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that retail Raw Milk includes fluid whole milk, hand-skimmed cream, and milk, which has been hand-skimmed. This means a plant cannot use a homogenizer, separator or any other automated apparatus to isolated raw milk from cream. Retail Raw Milk does not include chocolate or flavored milk, or cultured fluid milk. It cannot be applied in producing other food products such as yogurt, butter, puddings, or ice cream. Despite recommendations by the American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP), American Medical Association (AMA), Centres for Disease Control (CDC), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that raw milk not be sold directly to consumers due to it having harmful bacteria like Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes, raw milk sale is legal in 32 (64%) of the American states. 9 states have made it illegal to sell raw milk, 17 have made it illegal to sell raw milk for human consumption, while the remain ing states have some form of legislation that regulates raw milk trade and consumption. It is projected that there may be changes in raw milk-associated legislation as more states debate the issue. There are no laws prohibiting raw milk sale for other animals’ consumptions though there is, however, a federal ban on interstate trade on raw milk for human consumption. Raw milk, from cattle fed in the grass, has been promoted as a source of naturally occurring conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and antimicrobials in solution. It is important to note that production of raw milk follows more stringent hygiene standards than milk meant for processing/ Raw milk is a low involvement product as it is cheaper than processed milk, frequently purchased as a matter of routine, and has a short shelf life. For the low involvement products, the consumer gives very little thought and forms no feeling of the product until after purchase and consumption.

Perception of elderly people in Singapore

Perception of elderly people in Singapore Singapore is rapidly facing ageing population where the proportion of residents aged 65 and above increased from 14% of the resident population in 1998 and this is set to rise to 27% in 2015. An increase in life expectancy has led to the increase in proportion of elderly people. Other reasons were due to the ageing of the baby boomers, decrease in infant and early childhood mortality rate and low birth rates. In todays society, our perception of elderly people is often that of dependency, slow and disregarded. Misconceptions arise about ageing, leading to stereotyping and social discrimination. A common stereotype states that most elderly people are either unhealthy or ill. When elderly people are unsure of themselves, they are considered to be senile. They are also accused of being old when they forgot a sentence. It was the older generation who worked hard and they deserve to be respected by society. With more and more people becoming old, it is important to pay attention to the legal issues surrounding elders. We need to confront such concerns now so that people are able to look forward to enjoying their old age in peace in the future. Addressing the problem of discrimination in Singapore is therefore a key step in further developing and building up our nation. Through undertaking these suggestions, we can hope towards a better future for Singapore, one free from discrimination and abuse of human rights. Therefore, it is vital that companies and individuals change their mindset and be more supportive towards older generation. Hence, this report will highlight the issue on discrimination against elderly people especially in the workplace. Measures taken at the company and national level to combat this social discrimination against the elderly people are also discussed. Many people discriminate elderly people and this is prevalent in the workplace. Age discrimination occurs when older worker is discriminated against by an employer because of their age. A recent survey by Kelly Services discovered that majority of the 1,500 respondents polled in Singapore, experienced some type of prejudice when applying for a job in the last five years and the main reason for discrimination, which contributed to 29 percent, was age. Majority of the older workers did not complete their secondary education due to limited educational opportunities. Hence, they have a lower skilled job. As firms seek higher productivity, current jobs are being automated and improvised, resulting in multiple and higher skills requirements. This eventually leads to older workers, with low education and holding unskilled jobs, being retrenched. Even if low skilled jobs are available, older workers still face competition from younger and cheaper foreign workers. Many companies are biased against older workers and still prefer to hire younger employees. Such discrimination fails to tap fully the older workers contributions. In addition, due to the high cost of hiring older workers and perception among employers that they are less productive and open to new ideas, many firms are less likely to hire them. As such, employers may encourage early retirement or layoff disproportionately older workers. This is usually seen in computer and entertainment industries. As a result, we often see older workers picking up empty cans or selling tissue papers. Other stereotypical old-age occupations that come into mind will be cleaners and servers at fast food restaurants. Age discrimination has a negative effect on the economy and society. Discriminating age is harmful to a company because older people are full of experiences. By not hiring them, it deprived them of securing a job. The effect on the economy is evident in older workers depleting life savings which were meant for retirement. Borrowing money from financial institutions and maxing out credit cards may be the only solutions for some unemployed people to survive. Medical needs either go unmet or the unemployed person must seek help via subsidies to pay for medication. Depression also rises when people become discouraged from the loss of a job, a home and a livelihood. However, we have Central Provision Fund (CPF) and Medisave which our Singapore government have implemented to provide Singaporeans with a retirement income to meet their basic needs in old age. Another example of discrimination against the elderly people was due to their deteriorating intelligence, they are incapable of making independent decisions such as owning financial property, or living independently. People see this as a negative attitude which is often translated into their ageist actions. There seems to be a trend for the elderly to live on their own, away from their children. It is because some people feel that elderly people is a burden as they are often sick and dependant. Therefore, they will put them in the care of caregivers in the elderly homes, thinking that they have provided them the best in terms of basic needs. However, they are wrong as they have unnoticeably discriminated against them by having a perception that they are a burden, slow, and dependent. United Kingdom (UK) also faces discrimination against the elderly in the workplace. However, older people want to work beyond state pension age and employers are positive about retaining them. Various surveys show that there is a keen attitude amongst older employees for flexible working and flexible pensions. The government encourages older workers to continue working and employers recognize them as a valuable resource. Instead, we should appreciate old age and understand that there is nothing wrong about growing old. We should not identify old age with imagery of despondency. There is a need to rethink on how we can care for the elderly and combat this social discrimination. Under Singapores laws (with some exceptions), the government cannot fine or take any legal action against employers who choose to discriminate. Individuals also cannot sue employers. Recognising the need for older workers to remain employed, the government has come up with various measures which include the extension of the retirement age to 62, reduction in the costs of employing older workers, Back-to-Work programs to encourage the economically inactive to enter the labour force and re-training and skills upgrading of older workers. To reduce the cost of employing older workers, the employers CPF contribution rate for older workers aged 55 and above has decreased and employers can cut wages of workers aged above 60 by up to 10%. Employers have moved away from the seniority wage system and turned to a performance-based wage system. An SHRI (2007) survey revealed that only 14% of Singapore employers use a seniority wage system, while 61% are offering a performance-based wage system. Thus, this enables older workers to be hired because the wages increase with age using a seniority wage system. In the workplace, employers are encouraged to employ older workers and to job redesign. An example will be NTUC FairPrice where they hired older workers and assisted them in job upgrading and career transitions. Older workers can also enrol themselves in training programs to upgrade their skills and this ensures their employability. This is especially so in an increasingly knowledge based Economy. For older workers, learning should not only be seen as an advantage for employment but also for self enrichment and fulfilment. The raising of the retirement age to 62 also enables older workers to secure jobs. Employers have to rethink their attitudes towards employing older workers and make the necessary adjustments e.g. modification of work processes to accommodate older workers. For example, in McDonalds, icons of hamburgers and fries are printed on the cash registers to help older workers key in the right orders. However, their success still depends heavily on employers because it is important that they change their attitudes so that they do not employ employees on the grounds on age. Recently, a tripartite committee (consisting of Singapore National Employers Federation, National Trades Union Congress and the Ministry of Manpower) was set up. They have come up with a set of guidelines on Non- Discriminatory Job Advertisements to discourage employers from adopting discriminatory criteria (such as race, religion, or age) in their recruitment practices. They should avoid stipulating age as a requirement for employment. Public and private sector employers also have to pledge to comply with the non-discriminatory practices. The implementation of the guidelines was successful as there was a significant drop in the percentage of newspaper advertisements stipulating discriminatory criteria from 30% in February to less than 1% in April this year. In Singapore the approach used is more promotional and educational than through legislation as it would be too rigid. This is in contrast with countries such as United Kingdom (UK). UK employment equality law combats prejudice in the workplace as it prohibits discrimination against people based on gender, race, religion, sexuality, disability and age. In UK, It will be unlawful to discriminate against an employee under the age of 65 based on age. Employers are unable to specify that a new recruit should be above or below a particular age. In addition, employers who sack workers or deny them the same training opportunities as their colleagues on age grounds will break the law. The governments also promotes the employment of older workers through re-training programmes, job referrals, career advice, promotion of community service employment and subsidies to employers. Australia: The Aussies have very strong anti-discriminatory hiring practices. When a jobseeker sends in his resume, he can choose not to provide details like address, race, gender, age, religion and photograph. The employers will only decide to interview the candidate based on his working experience and qualifications. In fact, older workers are valuable. Some have argued that they are slow in acquiring new skills. However, older workers perform well in a learning environment involving more hands-on practices, usually those which require customer-sales relationships. The growing importance of services industry in Singapore will expand its employment of older workers as the nature of work will be more dependent on soft skills e.g. in service delivery. In conclusion, government policies can have an impact on the hiring of older workers. Most importantly, it is still the older persons themselves who want to work and employers who provide them with opportunities. As quoted by Ralph B. Perry, Age should not have its face lifted, but it should rather teach the world to admire wrinkles as the etchings of experience and the firm line of character. Why affects society and important? How it creates inequality? Source Citation Elderly Rights. Global Issues in Context Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Global Issues In Context. Web. 26 Apr. 2010. Palmore, E.B. (1999). Ageism: Negative and Positive. Published by Springer Publishing Company, USA. http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=Cg4_DTUuV4ICoi=fndpg=PR3dq=ageismots=82vyBdgdhisig=9aWPYcDpexnP2k2UZNBHEYAUY6g#PPT11,M1 http://theonlinecitizen.com/2009/03/employers-still-discriminating-against-older-workers/ http://www.sma.org.sg/smj/3810/articles/3810e1.htm http://find.galegroup.com.libwww3.np.edu.sg/gic/docRetrieve.do?inPS=truesearchPageType=BasicSearchFormprodId=GICdocId=CP3208520212userGroupName=ngeeann http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/popinbrief2009.pdf http://theonlinecitizen.com/2007/01/time-to-get-tough-on-job-discrimination-part-one/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5378876.stm http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=954240 http://www.eu-seniorunion.info/en/activities/againstviolence/default.htm http://www.helium.com/items/819264-age-discrimination-and-its-effect-on-the-economy-and-society Effects of Discrimination in the Workplace http://socyberty.com/issues/discrimination-in-singapore/#ixzz0nLydnLU3 http://mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/About-Us/Intro/Intro.htm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7718436.stm http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/dvsequl/agedisc/ageandemp.htm?IsSrchRes=1

Love and Licorice :: essays research papers

In order for a relationship between a man and a woman to flourish and grow, both people should be reasonably mature and honest with one another. Their goals in life should be similar. Otherwise, it is difficult to maintain a substantial base in the partnership, and inevitably, it will wither and die. Hemingway ¡Ã‚ ¯s "Hills Like White Elephants" is a very short story covering less than forty minutes in the lives of the two main characters. It doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t take long, however, to discover that the relationship between them is not particularly deep or meaningful. Jig and her lover lead a nomadic life, spending nights here and there, as the labels on their luggage indicate. All they really do, she laments, is "look at things and try new drinks." They bicker childishly; when he warns her to "cut it out," she retorts, "you started it." In an attempt to make clever conversation, she observes aloud that the line of hills off in the distance "look[s] like white elephants." Instead of trying to make her feel "bright," Jig ¡Ã‚ ¯s companion tells her flatly, he ¡Ã‚ ¯s "never seen one." Annoyed by his lack of imagination, she attacks with "no, you wouldn ¡Ã‚ ¯t have." It seems that they must really "try" hard to "have a fine time." This is not a mature relationship. Nor is it honest. Rather than admit the fact that he doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t want the responsibility of a baby, Jig ¡Ã‚ ¯s lover tries to flatter her by saying, "I don ¡Ã‚ ¯t want anybody but you." He also avoids taking any blame for their faltering relationship. After all, being pregnant is "the only thing" that has made them unhappy. He makes light of the abortion by telling her, "It ¡Ã‚ ¯s not really an operation" and that it ¡Ã‚ ¯s "perfectly simple," even "natural." Of course, she "doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t" have to if she "doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t want to," but he knows that it ¡Ã‚ ¯s "the best thing to do." Best for whom, I wonder. Jig really thinks she ¡Ã‚ ¯s ready to settle down and have a child, or she wouldn ¡Ã‚ ¯t be struggling so hard with the question of abortion. She too has trouble approaching the problem honestly. When she announces "I ¡Ã‚ ¯ll do it because I don ¡Ã‚ ¯t care about me," she ¡Ã‚ ¯s hoping that he ¡Ã‚ ¯ll feel guilty and change his mind. When he continues to resist, she tries to cut the conversation off: "I ¡Ã‚ ¯ll scream," she threatens. Jig is beginning to realize that life may not turn out the way she had planned.

Dimensions and Theme in The Killers

On the eve of the grand economic crisis of the capitalistic world, the late 1920's is a turbulent period in the U. S. A. with violence and horror permeating the whole society underneath the surface of the temporary steadiness and prosperity. Among all the novels depicting the dark life then, The Killers is unanimously considered as the best for its superb technic and profound theme. The Killers offers a perfect example of a narrative that challenges and rewards the readers' perception of its structure. The structure of a Hemingway's story can usually be described, conventionally enough, with a set of scenes marked by a change in setting or by a change of characters. What is unconventional and so inscribes his fame as a modernist is that the scenes often are juxtaposed with little transition and less logic to effect or explain their sequence or rationale as a result of his prose style with its syntax linking sentences and simple causes without conjunction and subordination. This is not to say that the structures of the stories lack form or significant pattern, but they are coherent and connected in a sort of dimension which Hemingway said he learnt from cizanne's paintings. In The Killers, there are totally three main scenes: Henry's lunchroom, Hirsch's rooming house, and again Henry's lunchroom. The first scene opens with two strangers entering Henry's lunchroom, where George is waiting on Nick Adams at the counter. The strangers, Al and Max, try unsuccessfully to order from the diner menu, then settle for sandwiches, after which their small talk turns ugly. Al takes Sam the cook and Nick into the kitchen, gags and ties them up, and then he and Max reveal that they are waiting to kill the heavyweight prize fighter Ole Andreson when he comes to have dinner at six o' clock. At last, Ole Andreson does not arrive; the killers leave. In the second scene, Nick goes to Hirsch's rooming house to tell Ole about two men waiting to kill him and offers to tell the police; but Ole, lying on his bed and looking at the wall, says that he got in wrong; there is nothing to do and he is through running. In the third scene, Nick comes back to Henry's lunchroom and tells Sam and George his experience at Hirsch's rooming house. Sam won't listen to it and goes to the kitchen. The story ends as Nick wonders what Ole did, and George says; â€Å"Double-crossed somebody. That's what they kill them for. â€Å"I'm going to get out of this town,† Nick said. â€Å"Yes,† said George, â€Å"That's a good thing to do. † â€Å"I can't stand to think about him waiting in the room and knowing he is going to get it. It's too awful. † â€Å"Well,† said George, â€Å"you'd better not think about it. † In the first two scenes, the readers may get confused with the arrangement and disappointedly fail to wo rk out the theme, for despite all the impending violence and seemingly inevitable bloodshed, nothing happens: the killers do not kill and their victim still lies with his face to wall. The dimensions of the first two scenes seem to by default direct the readers' attention to the story's factual details: the two killers Al and Max are indistinguishable, dressed like twins or a â€Å"vaudeville team†; their sandwich orders are interchanged; they eat with their gloves on; they call George â€Å"bright boy† and suggests him going to see a movie; they get the lunchroom prepared for the killing; the nigger cook repeatedly complains and of George gives his careless remarks. However, no matter what image the readers have of the two dimensions, it will reflect the obvious symmetry between them: the action of the first scene is followed by the reaction of the second. And as the story moves on to the third dimension where the theme finally set in, the readers, with a reminiscent view, can figure out that all the details which seem irrelevant to the killing in the previous two dimensions, now, in re-perception, are closely knitted to serve the theme. The incident takes place when three men are in Henry's lunchroom: the cook Sam and the two waiters, George and Nick. Sam, from the very beginning, tries best to keep himself away from this killing: when Nick wants to go to inform Andreson, he advices Nick â€Å"to stay out of it†, â€Å"not to have anything to do with it at all. † Then Nick decides to go to Andreson in Hirsch's rooming house, he says: â€Å"Little boys always know what they want to do,† satirizing young men like Nick know nothing about possible danger in the unsafe society. Finally, Nick returns and gives his account of Ole Andreson's reaction, he won't even listen to it and shut himself in the kitchen. Having seen a lot of such violence of the society and got frightened by his own experience several minutes ago, Sam knows clearly the danger and darkness, and does not â€Å"want any more of that. † Thus he acts in a cowardly way to insure his own security. George also seems quite familiar with this sort of business: he becomes very suspicious of the two men when they mistake their own order and eat with their gloves on. As soon as the two killers mention Andreson, he knows their purpose of killing that boxer. Although he asks Nick to go to see Andreson, he does not care the whole thing much. When Nick asks him why the want to kill Andreson, he just make dismissive explanation â€Å"double-crossed somebody, that's what they kill them for. † For him, murdering is not a big event, since there are many â€Å"them† killed by â€Å"they† every day, he simply has already got used to it. Of the three men, Nick is the only one who shows great concern to the attempted killing. Innocent enough, he, in spite of Sam's warning, goes to inform the boxer. In Hirsch's rooming house, the boxer, although knowing himself in danger, lies on his bed helplessly and does not want to run. He tells Nick: â€Å"There ain't anything to do,† â€Å"I'm through with all that running around,† which gives Nick an even more terrible shock than that he is gagged and tied up by the two killers. So horrified Nick is, he decides to leave the town, â€Å"I can't stand to think about him waiting in the room and knowing he's going to get it. It ‘s too damned awful. † Thus, at this stage, the readers can see that the theme that Hemingway wants to express is not only to expose the violence and turbulence of society at that time, but in a more profound dimension, to reveal the shock and hurt of all these viciousness and wickedness to the innocent souls like Nick who will bear the image of that doomed boxer into his maturity. Therefore, although the title of the story is The Killers, the hero is actually the young man Nick, whose innocence in the setting of the cruelty of the killers, the cowardice of the cook, the indifference of George and the despair of Ole Andreson, refracts the instability and violence of the society at that disordered time. In The Killers, Hemingway, with his geometric design of the scenes, presents a story of simple plot but profound meaning, debunking the unsteadiness and turbulence of the apparently thriving society. Reading this story is just like viewing cizanne's landscape paintings: one has large room to perceive and appreciate its beauty and meaning in different dimensions.

Bone Fractures Essays - Bone Fractures, Medicine, Clinical Medicine

Bone Fractures Essays - Bone Fractures, Medicine, Clinical Medicine Bone Fractures Bone Fractures Thank goodness it's only a fracture. I thought it might be broken. People often think that a fracture is less severe than a broken bone, but fractures are broken bones. To understand why bones break, it helps to know what bones do and what they are made of. The bones of the body form the human frame, or skeleton, which supports and protects the softer parts of the body. Bones are living tissue. They grow rapidly during one's early years, and renew themselves when they are broken. Bones have a center called the marrow, which is softer than the outer part of the bone. Bone marrow has cells that develop into red blood cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body and into white blood cells that help fight disease. Bones also contain the minerals calcium and phosphorus. These minerals are combined in a crystal-like or latticework structure. Because of their unique structure, bones can bear large amounts of weight. Bones are rigid, but they do bend, or give somewhat when an outside force is applied to them. When this force stops, bone returns to its original shape. For example, if you fall forward and land on your outstretched hand, there's an impact on the bones and connective tissue of your wrist as you hit the ground. The bones of the hand, wrist and arm can usually absorb this shock by giving slightly and then returning to their original shape and position. If the force is too great, however, bones will break, just as a plastic ruler breaks after being bent too far. The severity of a fracture usually depends on the force that caused the fracture. If the bone's breaking point has been exceeded only slightly, then the bone may crack rather than breaking all the way through. If the force is extreme, such as in an automobile collision or a gunshot, the bone may shatter. If the bone breaks in such a way that bone fragments stick out through the skin or a wound penetrates down to the broken bone, the fracture is called an open fracture. This type of fracture is particularly serious because once the skin is broken, infection in both the wound and the bone can occur. Because fractures hurt and make it difficult if not impossible to use the part of the body that is injured, most people call a doctor or seek emergency care quickly. In some cases, however, a person can walk on a fractured bone in the leg or foot, or use a fractured arm. Just because you can use your hand or foot does not mean that you do not have a fracture. If you think a bone may be broken, you should seek medical help immediately. A medical examination and x-rays are usually necessary to tell for sure and to ensure proper treatment. It is very important to control the movement of a broken bone. Moving a broken or dislocated bone can cause additional damage to the bone, nearby blood vessels, and nerves or other tissues surrounding the bone. That's why people giving first aid or emergency treatment may splint or brace your injury before medical treatment is given. Also, if there is an open wound it should be covered by a clean cloth or bandage on the way to further medical treatment. At the emergency room, clinic or doctor's office, the physician usually applies a splint to prevent further damage, to lessen the pain and to help stop any bleeding. The patient is usually asked to recline and elevate the injured part. Elevation helps to reduce bleeding and swelling. X-rays can help the physician determine whether there is a fracture, and if so, what type of fracture it is. If there is a fracture, the doctor will reduce it, by restoring the parts of the broken bone to their original positions. Reduction is the technical term for this process. All forms of treatment of broken bones follow one basic rule: the broken pieces must be put back into position and prevented from moving out of place until they are healed. Broken bone ends heal by knitting back together with new bone being formed around the edge of the broken parts. The specific method of treatment depends on the severity of the break, whether it is open or closed, and the specific bone involved. There are many different treatments for bone fractures. A plaster or fiberglass cast is the most common type of

A State of Mind

A State of Mind A State of Mind is a 2003 documentary film intended for adult audiences. It was written and produced by Daniel Gordon. The film which has won various awards across the world focuses on the day to day life of North Koreans as dictated by the prevailing political regime.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A State of Mind specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The film brings to focus issues of totalitarianism, oppression, suppression and a subject’s admissibility to such subjective leadership. It gives the concept emphasis through a critical look at the ordinary lives of two little girls. It offers to the reader a political aspect of a country and its influence on other perspectives such as family and social life of subjects. North Korea is a nation that adheres to communist ideals even in these contemporary times. Under the leadership of Kim Jong Il, this nation is in the process of gradual growth towards becoming a sup erpower. It is separated from the rest of the world and has very little links with China and Russia, her immediate neighbors. It is also completely separated from South Korea. Daniel Gordon films the activities of a national event, the Pyongyang Mass Games. This is an annual event in North Korea whereby gymnasts, dancers, athletes and musician come together and stage a spectacular performance. The major theme of this event revolves around the portrayal of the ideals of socialism and patriotism by the citizens. It is dedicated in honor of Kim Jong Il’s father and former leader, Kim II Sung as well as to North Korea’s glorious revolution as indicated by Jeon; â€Å"Pyongyang’s †¦ lack political ambitions and give blind support and unconditional loyalty to their leader† (Jeon 761). The film discusses on the daily lifestyles of two young girls and that of the people around them, a livelihood quite unknown to the rest of the world especially those from th e west. This movie can be termed as one revealing the political aspect of North Korea in an unusual way, sports. It is not only an ambiguous story with regard to Korean culture, but also an ambivalent display of the country’s political regime. One notes that the movie is brought out in such a mild humanistic perspective with little or no exaggerations of religion, language, war or pleasures of the world such as smoking or sex.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The graceful dancers and performers display the beauty and pomp of the North Korean woman. This makes the movie attractive to a large audience whereby criticism based on the above becomes negligible. Children who watch this movie can only be entertained by the graceful display of art and artistic movement but may not be in a position to understand the historical or political aspects of North Korea as they are the intentions of the Producer (French 35-36). With prior knowledge of how closed a country North Korea is; one wonders how Daniel Gordon and his team got the permission to film this documentary movie. Perhaps it is because the film does not draw any conclusion or judgment. Just as in other movies touching on the Soviet socialist states, it is aimed at presenting a leader’s ideal of totalitarianism to his subjects. However, the ambiguity of the film is seen in the way that the characters are brought out. The opinion of the state of affairs may vary from one viewer to the other. While some will be of the opinion that the girls are happy during these routines, others may interpret this as oppression and repression. This is supported by Koh’s statement that the people of North Korea are expected to be committed and willing to work hard at all times â€Å"no matter how arduous and frustrating it may be† (Koh 146). The two girls together with many others practice on a daily basis for this great event. One of the girls comes from a working class family. This is evidenced by the fact that her father operates heavy machinery. The other girl’s father is an intellectual specializing in physics. The youngsters’ notion of zeal and commitment is seen in this practice session whereby their intentions are solely on pleasing the Great leader. Even though most part of the movie is silent, the creativity is spectacular with choreographers’ efforts being very conspicuous. Some of the groups do not make it to the final list (French 31-32).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A State of Mind specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The movie takes another perspective where it interviews families of those involved in the practice. It is a revelation of the high esteem that they hold their leader with and the hatred they have for what they call the United States Imperialism. For instan ce, flashbacks of the Korean War and the subsequent economist discussion reveal that the war was the resultant of communism. However, most of the Koreans blame it on imperialism of the west. The leader upholds communist ideals and perspectives which are basically non-spiritual. However, a little alteration from these ideals is seen when he sets aside a holy mountain for annual prayers and visitation. (Koh 145-147). Totalitarianism is seen in this event in many ways. As the performers entertain the crowd, they give all they are to please humanity. They are not supposed to show any aspect of individualism. It is the leader who is supposed to be celebrated as a leader, idol and an individual. Even though he does not show up for the event, his idiosyncrasies must be met; he must be celebrated in absentia. However, the feelings of the Koreans towards this act of hero worship are not revealed. They adore their Great leader in extreme ways that almost everything is named after him. Looking at it from a western perspective, it would be a sort of brainwashing that results into ill-treatment and misleading of the citizens by their leader. But there are thoughts that run through one’s mind; who would not sublime the individual and work to perfection for the sake of his own country? But are the Koreans celebrating the nation or the leader? But from the beginning, the â€Å"Koreans have been socialized to obey and defer to authority figures† thus it is a norm to them (Koh148). Degradation and oppression of humanity is seen with regard to who gets to perform at the all-important event. The two girls in the story come from the higher class of society and are accorded respect.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, they are spared from suffering in the concentration camps. The lower class citizens are not that lucky; they are forced to live in concentration camps and are starved to death. They constitute the poor and the peasants (Kim 285). What is portrayed in A State of Mind is a society whose lifestyle, social and political inclination is different from what westerners view as a liberal state. It is a portrayal of a country where the concept of the good of the whole supersedes the needs of the individual. The organization and color in this documentary serves to display the commitment and efforts of the citizens to please their leader. When one observes how happy and excited the citizens are doing, it makes one wonder whether they do not see the odds of this socialist ideal. This film is basically understood with regard to one’s political perspective. If watched by a liberal, then it serves to show that if one chooses to be happy and contented, s/he can be regardless of the political regime prevailing in their country. For the communists, it reveals the subordination of an individual just for the sake of the nation. It is a great documentary which can be enjoyed by both sports and political enthusiasts. French, Paul. North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsulaa Modern History. Zed Books, 2007. Print. Jeon, Jei Guk. North Korean Leadership: Kim Jong IIs Balancing Act in the Ruling Circle. Third World Quarterly (2000): 761-779. Print. Kim, Samuel. Research on Korean Communism: Promise Versus Performance. World Politics (1980): 281-310. Print. Koh, Byung Chul. Political leadership in North Korea: Toward a conceptual understanding of Kim II Sungs leadership behavior. Korean Studies (1978): 139-157. Print.

Epidemiology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Epidemiology - Research Paper Example (Friis and Sellers, 2009). Epidemiological activity is used since many decades. The statistical tools are the most powerful device used for identifying the risk factors and the relationship between various factors such as environmental factors, drugs, genetics, hormones, occupation, nutrition and viruses, bacteria. It was the epidemiological studies that revealed the relationship between Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and cervical cancer. (Friis and Sellers, 2009). The US centre for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] estimates that most of the new cases of HPV are teens and young adults. They have estimated that 6 million new cases are recorded every year in US. In 2007, the CDC has announced that one among the four teenage girls ages 13 to 19 are having HPV. Among the teens, 40 percent of the children who had sex were found to have Human papilloma virus. (Lyon and Antoniades, 2009). Similarly CDC has also found that 20 Americans are infected with the HPV and many of them are not awar e of it. Uses of Epidemiology 1. To study the history of the disease and the changes in the disease states. It also helps to study the history of the healthy populations in the locality. 2. To measure the true dimension of the disease and the healthy individuals. The prevalence of the disease based on the risk factors, the distribution of disability and mortality can be understood using epidemiological studies. 3. ... (Friis and Sellers, 2009). 6. To identify the root of the chronic diseases and provide the complete history of the diseases to help the practitioners and people eradicate the disease from the epidemic regions. 7. To confirm the risk factors and causes of the disease using the knowledge obtained through studies for the risky and multiple causative disease. (Friis and Sellers, 2009). Human Papilloma virus: Papilloma viruses are DNA viruses that infect epithelia causing a variety of lesions, warts and carcinoma. Human Papilloma viruses (HPV) are ubiquitous in nature causing cervical and other anogenital cancers. HPV infections are most common in the young and sexually active people within the age limit of 20 – 24. Human papilloma viruses form two groups; Genital and cutaneous HPVs. Most of the papilloma viruses are host specific. Human papilloma virus has an icosahedral symmetry with 72 capsomers arranged in the pentameric structure. It has a circular double stranded DNA of 8 kb long. It has three types of genes: early genes, late genes and control genes. HPV first infects the basal epithelium and inserts itself into the cell. It then dissociates and produces low copy number episomes. The HPV gets loosely linked to the keratocyte differentiation and divides as the keratinocyte undergoes differentiation. The major oncogenic proteins involved in the HPV carcinogenesis are E6 and E7 which interfere in the cell cycle control mechanisms. E6 on binding with the cellular protein AP, degrades the p53 through ubiquitin- directed proteolysis. P53 is essential for DNA repair, when this molecule is degraded; it affects the ell cycle control. The result is genetic instability and accumulation of the mutants

Knowledge Encounters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Knowledge Encounters - Essay Example Majority of scholars working on post-colonial effects in diverse fields like history, literature, geography, anthropology, and other sources of knowledge have led to complications when comprehending encounters and their socio-politics as a moment of hegemonic and totalizing dominance of culture and knowledge production. Rather, they make it out to be more variable, difficult, and nuanced moment, as well as space, of encounter as Kant would put it (Durkheim & Fields 10). However, according to Cruikshank, the encounter and its aftermath is about how our relations are structured and how man constructs knowledge about his physical surroundings. After European accounts following their encounters with landscapes supersede the accounts of the natives, travel and scientific discourses took up, position as the fundamental means through which northwestern geography could be understood (Cruikshank 88). For the people who were indigenous to the St. Elias Mountains, the glaciers were considered t o be permanent boundaries that separated the static landscape from the humans. In their case, they were moving structures that they endowed with the sense of hearing, taste, and smelling. However, the native accounts should not be valued as historically fixed or as the truth that needs to be examined and discovered by scholars or explorers (Cruikshank 89). Rather, the native accounts about sentient glaciers show the fact that nature and man mutually make, as well as maintain, knowledge of a world that is habitable. Cruikshank is careful in asserting that glaciers must not be reduced to metaphors or scientific data (Cruikshank 108). Glaciers in their forcefulness, unpredictability, complexity, and changeability give a model for cultural history and knowledge production. The author makes her argument in a way that pays careful attention to representative politics, which is made difficult by the fact that she is using oral testimony in her work, while also discussing the representative difficulties of nature. She discusses in her book the account, in glaciers given by the natives, an examination of accounts by western explorers, and the US. In addition, she discusses a critical look at the nature of the glacier as part of the border between Canada and the US, and mapping’s role in the context of nationalism (Cruikshank 115). By giving a history of the Alaskan Gulf region and juxtaposing it with historical accounts from Europe about their ice age and histories from Tlingit, the glaciers became social spaces where people produce knowledge, rather than discover it. Oral accounts also allow the ability to examine the relationship between culture and nature, as well as how knowledge was constructed according to their cultures. Glaciers as used by Cruikshank aid in the examination of how glaciers are depicted and how social and natural knowledge is entangled. In the latter Ice Age period, social upheaval and geophysical changes in the mountains coincided (Cruiks hank 120). The visitors from Europe came with conceptions about nature as a spiritual and sublime resource for the progress of man. To them, glaciers were inanimate features that needed to be measured and